LABORATORY CHEMICAL SAFETY PROGRAM
ROSE-HULMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Emergency Information
Laboratory Safety Personnel Contacts
1.0 Introduction
·
1.1 Regulatory Basis
·
1.2 Responsibility for Implementation
o
1.2.1 Academic Departments
o
1.2.2 Faculty Members
o
1.2.3 Laboratory and Stockroom Student
Worker
·
1.3 Organization and Content
2.0 Control Measures
·
2.1 Administrative Controls
o
2.1.1 Prior Approval of Hazardous
Operations
o
2.1.2 Laboratory Entrance Signs
·
2.2 Engineering Controls
·
2.3 Procedural Controls
·
2.4 Personal Protective Equipment
o
2.4.1 Eye Protection
o
2.4.2 Face Protection
o
2.4.3 Hand Protection
o
2.4.4 Foot Protection
o
2.4.5 Body Protection
o
2.4.6 Respiratory Protection
3.0 Standard Operating Procedures
·
3.1 General Laboratory Safety Procedures
·
3.2 Procedures for Proper Labeling and Safe
Storage of Chemicals
·
3.3 Chemical Fume Hood - Procedures for
Proper and Safe Use
·
3.4 Corrosive Chemicals - Procedures for
Safe Handling and Storage
·
3.5 Flammable and Combustible Liquids -
Procedures for Safe Handling
·
and Storage
·
3.6 Oxidizing Agents - Procedures for Safe
Handling and Storage
·
3.7 Reactive Chemicals - Procedures for
Safe Handling and Storage
·
3.8 Carcinogens, Reproductive Toxins, and
Acutely Toxic Chemicals -
·
Procedures for Safe Handling and Storage
·
3.9 Compressed Gases - Procedures for Safe
Handling and Storage
·
3.10 Cryogenic Liquids - Procedures for
Safe Handling and Storage
·
3.11 Electrical Safety Procedures
·
3.12 Glassware and Sharps - Procedures for
Safe Handling and Disposal
·
3.13 Chemical Spill Response Procedures
4.0 Information and Training
·
4.1 Required Training Content
·
4.2 Training Resources
·
4.3 Training Documentation
5.0 Medical Consultations and Examinations
·
5.1 Examination Criteria
·
5.2 Information to the Physician
·
5.3 Physician's Written Opinion
·
5.4 Campus Medical Services
6.0 Laboratory Safety Equipment
·
6.1 Chemical Fume Hoods
·
6.2 Safety Showers
·
6.3 Eyewash Stations
·
6.4 Fire Extinguishers
·
6.5 Fire Blankets
·
6.6 Flammable Liquid Storage Cabinets
·
6.7 Safety Cans
·
6.8 Explosion-Proof and Laboratory-Safe
Refrigeration Equipment
·
6.9 First Aid Kits
·
6.10 Chemical Spill Kits
·
6.11 Portable Safety Shields
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EMERGENCY INFORMATION
Major Emergencies
In the event of an accident in
the laboratory which involves an uncontrolled fire, explosion, or a large
release of a hazardous chemical:
·
Evacuate the building by activating the
nearest fire alarm.
·
Call 8911 and give the details of the
accident including the location, types of hazardous material involved, and
whether there were any personal injuries.
If the accident involves
serious personal injury or chemical contamination, follow the above steps as
appropriate and at the same time:
·
Move the victim from the immediate area of
the fire, explosion, or spill (if this can be done without further injury to
the victim or you).
·
Remove any contaminated clothing from the
victim and flush all areas of the body contacted by chemicals with copious
amounts of water for 15 minutes.
Minor Emergencies
In the event of an accident in
the laboratory which involves a minor chemical release or spill (with no
personal injuries):
·
Follow the Chemical Spill Response
Procedures - SOP 3.13.
·
Call 8124 for advice or assistance (
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EMERGENCY & LABORATORY SAFETY CONTACTS
Police, Fire Department,
Ambulance 9-911
Rose-Hulman Institute of
Technology Security 8911
Environmental Health and Safety
Officer –Mike Howard 8124
Cyndi Brush 8206
David Erwin 8476
Frank Cunning 8380
Physics TBD
Facilities TBD
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Laboratory Chemical Safety
Plan is a written program for ensuring the safe use of chemicals in
laboratories at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. It describes policies,
procedures, and control measures which must be understood and observed by all
individuals involved in the laboratory use of chemicals.
1.1 Regulatory Basis
The development and
implementation of a Laboratory Chemical Safety Plan (or Chemical Hygiene Plan)
is a central requirement of the federal rule entitled “Occupational Exposure to
Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories,” more commonly referenced as the
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) “Lab Standard” (Appendix A contains a copy of the
standard). The Lab Standard was published as a “final rule” in the
1.2 Responsibility for Implementation
It is the policy of Rose-Hulman
Institute of Technology to support the use of chemicals and other potentially
hazardous materials for purposes of research and teaching. At the same time,
the Institute is committed to ensuring the safety of its students, employees,
and visitors and to complying with all regulatory requirements which impact its
facilities and operations. Toward this end, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
has designated the following specific responsibilities for developing and
implementing the Laboratory Chemical Safety Plan.
1.2.1 Academic Departments
The head of each academic
department is responsible for the safety of all individuals working in the
department's laboratories. The head fulfills this responsibility, in part, by
ensuring that all departmental faculty members understand and take seriously
their roles in implementing the Laboratory Chemical Safety Plan. To facilitate this process, each head must
appoint a departmental Laboratory Chemical Safety Officer (LCSO) who will
coordinate and monitor the implementation of the LCSP within the department.
1.2.2 Faculty Members
Each faculty member (or
principal investigator) is responsible for the safety of individuals working
within his or her laboratories. Toward this end, faculty members must work with
the respective departmental Laboratory Chemical Safety Officer to adapt and
implement the provisions of the Laboratory Chemical Safety Plan. This includes
ensuring that each individual working within the lab is provided with
appropriate training on safety and regulatory requirements; that required
safety equipment and personal protective devices are provided, maintained, and
used; that specific standard operating procedures incorporating safety
considerations are developed and observed; and that prompt action is taken to
correct any unsafe acts or conditions which have been observed or reported.
1.2.3 Laboratory and Stockroom Student
Workers
Each laboratory and stockroom
student worker is responsible for implementing the requirements of the Laboratory Chemical Safety Plan. This
includes participating in required training, utilizing appropriate safety
equipment and personal protection devices and apparel, observing standard
operating procedures and informing the supervisor (i.e., principal investigator
or lab supervisor) of
any accidents or unsafe conditions.
1.3 Organization and Content
The Laboratory Chemical Safety
Plan (LCSP) is intended to serve as an operational guide for the incorporation
of prudent safety practices into the day-to-day use of chemicals within
laboratories. It was developed and issued in a general form which should be
adapted and expanded by particular departments and research groups to meet
their specific needs. The LCSP was organized in a format that should enable
desired information to be quickly found and readily updated. The content of the
LCSP was established directly from the requirements of the Lab Standard and
includes the following general types of information:
·
Designation of the personnel responsible
for the implementation of the
Laboratory Chemical Safety Plan.
·
Criteria that the employer will use to
implement control measures to reduce individual exposures to chemicals. These
measures include administrative controls, engineering controls, procedural
controls, and the use of personal protective equipment.
·
Standard operating procedures (SOP’s)
relevant to safety and health considerations which are to be observed for the
use of hazardous chemicals in the laboratory. A number of generic SOP’s have
been included in the LCSP. However, each laboratory group should develop and
add specific SOP’s which are appropriate for their particular uses of chemicals.
·
Provisions for personnel training.
·
Provisions for medical consultations and
examinations.
·
Circumstances under which a laboratory
procedure shall require prior
approval before implementation.
·
Provisions for additional personnel
protection for work with carcinogens, reproductive toxins, and chemicals with
high acute toxicity.
·
A requirement that fume hoods and other
protective equipment function properly and that measures will be taken to
ensure this.
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2.0 CONTROL MEASURES
The OSHA Lab Standard requires
that laboratory personnel implement appropriate control measures to ensure that
chemical exposures are maintained below regulatory limits and as low as
reasonably achievable. In general, control measures can be categorized as
administrative controls, engineering
controls, procedural controls (i.e., standard operating procedures), or
personal protection.
2.1 Administrative Controls
Administrative controls consist
of various policies and requirements which are established at an administrative
level (e.g., by the department head, department safety committee, or Institute
Laboratory Chemical Safety Committee) to promote safety in the laboratory. They may include:
·
Ensuring that all laboratory personnel have
been provided with adequate training to enable them to conduct their duties
safely (see Section 4.0 Information and Training).
·
Requiring prior approval and additional
control measures for certain
particularly hazardous operations or activities.
·
Restricting access to areas in which
particularly hazardous chemicals are used.
·
Posting appropriate signs to identify
specific hazards within an area.
·
Requiring that various standard practices
for chemical safety and good
housekeeping be observed at all times in the laboratory.
2.1.1 Prior Approval of Hazardous
Operations
The OSHA Lab Standard requires
that activities which involve certain particularly hazardous chemicals be
reviewed and approved in advance by an appropriate individual or group.
Depending upon the specific department, this approving entity could be a
department safety committee, the Laboratory Chemical Safety Officer, or the
department head. At the time of approval, any additional required control
measures for the project should be specified. Examples of the types of
operations which should receive prior approval are those involving the use of
select carcinogens, reproductive
toxins, acutely toxic chemicals, highly reactive or shock sensitive chemicals,
or highly corrosive or oxidizing chemicals. In addition, any operation that
produces unknown but potentially
hazardous results should receive prior approval.
2.1.2 Laboratory Entrance Signs
The entrance to each laboratory
in which chemicals are used or stored shall be posted with the names and phone
numbers of the principal investigator (or lab supervisor) and any other
designated personnel who can be contacted in the event of an emergency. In
addition, laboratory entrance postings should indicate the presence of certain
specific hazards.
2.2 Engineering Controls
Engineering controls consist of
various measures for reducing a hazard at its source or for separating
personnel from the hazard. In the laboratory, examples of engineering controls
include the substitution of less hazardous chemicals in an operation, isolating
a particular chemical operation, enclosing a potentially explosive reaction, or
utilizing local exhaust such as a fume hood for an operation which produces
airborne chemicals (see Section 6.1 Chemical Fume Hoods). Because engineering
controls function to reduce or eliminate a hazard at its source before it is
created, they should be fully considered and utilized whenever possible as the
first step in chemical hazard control within the laboratory.
2.3 Procedural Controls
Procedural controls (or work
practice controls) are typically in the form of standard operating procedures
(SOP’s) which define the manner in which certain types of chemicals are to be
handled, or the manner in which specific operations involving chemicals are to be
conducted, in order to minimize hazards. Section 3.0 of this Plan contains a
number of SOP’s which are generally applicable to all laboratories. It is the
responsibility of personnel in each laboratory, however, to develop (and
incorporate into the LCSP) specific SOP’s which reflect the operations and
experimental protocols performed in their laboratory.
2.4 Personal Protective Equipment
For many laboratory operations,
the risk of chemical exposure cannot be totally eliminated through the use of
engineering and procedural control measures. For this reason, it is necessary
to supplement such measures with the use of personal protective equipment and
apparel (PPE). Because PPE functions as a barrier between the laboratory worker
and the chemical hazard, rather than by actually reducing or eliminating the
hazard, its use should always be in addition to (and never as a substitute for)
appropriate engineering and procedural controls. It is the responsibility of
the principal investigator (or supervisor) of the laboratory to ensure that
appropriate personal protective equipment is provided to, and used by, all
laboratory personnel. Such equipment should be adequate to ensure personnel are
protected from chemical exposure to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract.
2.4.1 Eye Protection
Appropriate PPE for the eyes is
required whenever there is a reasonable probability that the eyes could be
exposed to chemicals. Vented safety goggles are the preferred eye protection to
be worn when chemicals are handled in the laboratory. These should be worn over
prescription glasses (contact
lenses should not be worn when handling chemicals).
All protective equipment for
the eyes must bear the stamp Z87, which indicates that it meets the performance
guidelines established by the American National Standards Institute in ANSI
Z87.1 “Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection.”
2.4.2 Face Protection
A face shield is required
whenever there is a potential for severe chemical exposure from splashes, fumes,
or explosions. Because a face shield alone does not adequately protect the
eyes, it must be worn over safety goggles.
In general, any operation that requires a face shield should be
conducted inside a hood with the
sash down as an additional barrier.
2.4.3 Hand Protection
Because the hands are typically
the part of the body in closest contact with chemicals in the laboratory, they
are particularly vulnerable to chemical exposures. For this reason it is
essential that laboratory personnel select appropriate protective gloves and
wear them whenever handling chemicals. Because different glove materials resist
different chemicals, no one glove is suited for all chemical exposures. Glove
selection guides are available from most manufacturers and should be consulted
before choosing a glove.
2.4.4 Foot Protection
Safety shoes or other
specialized foot protection are generally not required for most laboratory
operations. However, footwear which completely covers the skin of the feet must
be worn whenever chemicals are being used (sandals and open-toed shoes are
prohibited in the laboratory).
2.4.5 Body Protection
By virtue of its large surface
area, the skin is at considerable risk of exposure to chemicals in the
laboratory. To lessen this risk, it is essential that laboratory personnel wear
clothing which, to the extent possible, covers all skin surfaces (shorts and
skirts are inappropriate attire for the laboratory). In addition, a fully
buttoned lab coat should be worn during chemical manipulations. Clothing and
lab coats should be regarded, not as means of preventing exposure, but as means
of lessening or delaying exposure. The effectiveness of clothing as a
protective barrier for the skin depends upon its prompt removal in the event
that it becomes contaminated.
2.4.6 Respiratory Protection
The implementation of
appropriate engineering and procedural controls should always be the preferred
strategy for ensuring that any airborne levels of chemicals within the
laboratory are well below regulatory limits.
However, in rare circumstances where such control measures are not sufficient, laboratory personnel may need to
utilize respirators for a particular operation.
In such instances, contact the Institute Health and Safety Officer,
extension 8124.
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3.0 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
SOP 3.1
General Laboratory Safety Procedures
DO
·
Know the potential hazards of the materials
used in the laboratory. Review the
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) and container label prior to using a
chemical.
·
Know the location of safety equipment such
as emergency showers, eyewashes, fire extinguishers, fire alarms, spill kits,
first aid kits, and telephones.
·
Review emergency procedures to ensure that
necessary supplies and equipment for spill response and other accidents are
available.
·
Practice good housekeeping to minimize
unsafe work conditions such as obstructed exits and safety equipment, cluttered
benches and hoods, and accumulated chemical waste.
·
Wear personal protective apparel when
working with chemicals. This includes eye protection, lab coat, gloves, and
appropriate foot protection (no sandals). Gloves should be made of a material
known to be resistant to permeation by the chemical in use.
·
Wash skin promptly if contacted by any
chemical, regardless of corrosivity or toxicity.
·
Label all new chemical containers with the
“date received” and “date
opened.”
·
Label and store chemicals properly. All
chemical containers should be labeled to identify the container contents (no
abbreviations or formulas) and hazard information. Chemicals should be stored
by hazard groups and chemical compatibilities.
·
Use break-resistant bottle carriers when
transporting chemicals in glass containers that are greater than 500
milliliters.
·
Use fume hoods when processes or
experiments may result in the release of toxic or flammable vapors, fumes, or
dusts.
DON'T
·
Eat, drink, chew gum, or apply cosmetics in
areas where chemicals are used and stored.
·
Store food in laboratory refrigerators, ice
chests, cold rooms, or ovens.
·
Drink water from laboratory water sources.
·
Use ice machine ice for cooling food or
consumption.
·
Use laboratory glassware to prepare or
consume food.
·
Smell or taste chemicals.
·
Pipet by mouth.
·
Work alone in the laboratory without prior
approval from the lab supervisor.
·
Leave potentially hazardous experiments or
operations unattended without prior approval from the lab supervisor. In such
instances, the lights in the laboratory should be left on and emergency phone
numbers posted at the laboratory entrance.
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SOP 3.2
Procedures for Proper Labeling and Safe
Storage of Chemicals
Proper chemical labeling and
storage is essential for a safe laboratory work environment. Inappropriate
storage of incompatible or unknown chemicals can lead to spontaneous fire and
explosions with the associated release of toxic gases. To minimize these
hazards, chemicals in the
laboratory must be segregated
properly. The storage procedures listed below are not intended to be
all-inclusive but should serve instead, to supplement more specific procedures
and recommendations obtained from container labels, Material Safety Data Sheets
(MSDSs), and other chemical reference material.
For more information about chemical storage contact the Institute Health
and Safety Officer, extension 8124.
Labeling
·
Manufacturer chemical labels should never
be removed or defaced until the chemical is completely used.
·
All chemical and waste containers should be
clearly labeled with the full chemical name(s) (no abbreviations or formulas)
and appropriate hazard warning information. Small containers that are difficult
to label such as 1-10 ml vials and test tubes can be labeled as a group and
stored together. Unattended beakers, flasks, and other laboratory equipment
containing chemicals used during an experiment should be labeled with the full
chemical name(s).
·
All chemicals should be labeled with the
“date received” and “date opened.”
·
All hazardous waste containers must be
labeled with the words “hazardous waste.”
·
All hazardous waste containers must be
marked with an accumulation date. The accumulation date represents the date
that the container becomes full (waste containers should NOT be filled to more
than 90% of their capacity). All full waste containers should be disposed of
promptly.
·
All chemical storage areas such as
cabinets, shelves and refrigerators should be labeled to identify the hazardous
nature of the chemicals stored within the area (e.g., flammables, corrosives,
oxidizers, water reactives, toxics, carcinogens, and reproductive toxins). All
signs should be legible and conspicuously placed.
Storage
Hazard Groups
Flammable/Combustible
Liquid Unstable
(Shock-sensitive, Explosive)
Flammable
Solids Carcinogens,
Reproductive Toxins
Inorganic
Acids Toxic,
Poisonous
Organic
Acids Non-Toxic
Caustics
(Bases) Toxic
Gases
Oxidizers Flammable
Gases
Perchloric
Acid Oxidizing
and Inert Gases
Water
Reactives Corrosive
Gases
Air
Reactives
·
A definite storage place should be provided
for each chemical and the chemical should be returned to that location after
each use.
·
Chemical containers should be in good
condition before they are stored. Containers should be managed to prevent
leaks.
·
Chemicals (including waste) should be
separated and stored according to their hazard group and specific chemical
incompatibilities. Chemicals within the
same hazard group can be incompatible and therefore it is important to review
the chemical label and MSDS to determine the specific storage requirements and
possible incompatibilities.
·
Special attention should be given to the
storage of chemicals that can be classified into two or more hazard groups. For
example, acetic acid and acetic anhydride are both corrosive and flammable. In
addition, perchloric acid is both corrosive and a strong oxidizer. Refer to the
MSDS for proper storage procedures.
·
Chemicals should be separated by distance.
Physical barriers such as storage cabinets and secondary containers should be
used to prohibit contact of incompatible chemicals in the event that they are
accidentally released or spilled.
·
Secondary containers are highly recommended
for the storage of liquid chemicals. Secondary container should be made of a
material that is compatible with the chemical(s) it will hold and should be
large enough to contain the contents of the largest container.
·
Liquid chemicals should not be stored above
dry chemicals unless they are stored in secondary containers.
·
Storage of chemicals within hoods and on
bench tops should be avoided.
·
Stored chemicals should not be exposed to
heat or direct sunlight.
·
Storage shelves and cabinets should be
secure to prevent tipping. Shelving
should contain a front-edge lip or doors to prevent containers from falling.
·
Flammable and corrosive storage cabinets
should be used when possible.
·
Flammable liquids in quantities exceeding a
total of 10 gallons in each laboratory must be stored in an approved flammable
storage cabinet.
·
Only explosion-proof or laboratory-safe
refrigerators may be used to store flammable liquids.
·
Liquid chemicals should be stored below eye
level to avoid accidental spills.
·
Chemicals should not be stored in areas
where they can be accidentally broken and spilled such as on the floor or on
the edge of a bench top.
·
Chemicals should not be stored in areas
where they obstruct aisles, exits, and emergency equipment.
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SOP 3.3
Chemical Fume Hoods
Procedures for Proper and Safe Use
Chemical fume hoods are one of
the most important items of safety equipment present within the laboratory.
Chemical fume hoods serve to control the accumulation of toxic, flammable, and
offensive vapors by preventing their escape into the laboratory atmosphere. In
addition, fume hoods provide physical isolation and containment of chemicals
and their reactions and thus serve as a protective barrier (with the sash
closed) between laboratory personnel and the chemical or chemical process
within the hood.
·
A chemical fume hood should be used for any
chemical procedures which have the potential of creating:
1.
Airborne chemical concentrations which
might approach Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) for an Occupational Safety
and Health Administration (OSHA) regulated substance. These substances include
carcinogens, mutagens, teratogens, and other toxics.
2.
Flammable/combustible vapors approaching
one tenth the lower explosion limit (LEL). The LEL is the minimum concentration
(percent by volume) of the fuel (vapor) in air at which a flame is propagated
when an ignition source is present.
3.
Explosion or fire hazards.
4.
Odors which are annoying to personnel
within the laboratory or adjacent laboratory/office units.
·
The hood sash opening should be kept to a
minimum while the hood is used. When working with hazardous chemicals, the hood
sash should be positioned so that it acts as a protective barrier between
laboratory personnel and the chemicals.
·
Hood baffles or slots should be positioned
properly. The top baffle/slot should be opened when chemicals with a vapor
density of less than 1 (lighter than air) are used. The bottom baffle/slot
should be opened when chemicals with vapor densities greater than 1 (heavier
than air) are used.
·
Chemicals and equipment (apparatus,
instruments, etc.) should be placed at least 6 inches (15 cm) from the front
edge of the hood.
·
Equipment should be placed as far back in
the hood as practical without blocking the baffles. Separate and elevate
equipment by using blocks to ensure that air can flow easily around and under
the equipment.
·
Chemical fume hoods should be kept clean
and free from unnecessary items and debris at all times. Solid material (paper,
tissue, aluminum foil, etc.) should be kept from obstructing the rear baffles
and from entering the exhaust ducts of the hood.
·
Minimize the amount of bottles, beakers and
equipment used and stored inside the hood because these items interfere with
the air flow across the work surface of the hood.
·
Chemicals should not be stored in a hood
because they will likely become involved if there is an accidental spill, fire
or explosion in the hood, thus creating a more serious problem.
·
Sliding horizontal sash windows should not
be removed from the hood sash.
·
Laboratory personnel should not extend
their head inside the hood when operations are in progress.
·
The hood should not be used for waste
disposal (evaporation).
·
Hoods should be monitored daily by the user
to ensure that air is moving into the hood. A strip of tissue taped to the hood
sash will indicate if the hood is pulling air. Any hoods that are not working
properly should be taken out of service and reported to Facilities,
·
Perchloric acid must not be used in a
regular chemical fume hood. Specially
designed Perchloric Acid Fume Hoods must be utilized for this purpose.
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SOP 3.4
Corrosive Chemicals
Procedures for Safe Handling and Storage
Corrosives (liquids, solids,
and gases) are chemicals that cause visible destruction of, or irreversible
alterations in, living tissue by chemical action at the site of contact.
Corrosive effects can occur not only to the skin and eyes, but also to the
respiratory tract through inhalation and to the gastrointestinal tract through
ingestion. Corrosive liquids have a high potential to cause external injury to
the body, while corrosive gases are readily absorbed into the body through skin
contact and inhalation. Corrosive solids
and their dusts can damage tissue by dissolving rapidly in moisture on the skin
or within the respiratory tract when inhaled. In order to minimize these
potential hazards, precautionary procedures must be observed when handling
corrosives.
Handling
·
Safety goggles, protective gloves, and a
laboratory coat should always be worn when working with corrosive chemicals. A
face shield, rubber apron, and rubber booties may also be appropriate depending
on the work performed.
·
Appropriate protective gloves which are
resistant to permeation or penetration from corrosive chemicals should be selected
and tested for the absence of pin holes prior to use.
·
Eyewashes and safety showers should be
readily available in areas where corrosive chemicals are used and stored. In
the event of skin and eye contact with a corrosive chemical, the affected area
should be immediately flushed with water for 15 minutes. Contaminated clothing
should be removed and medical attention sought.
·
Corrosive chemicals should be handled in a
fume hood to ensure that any possible hazardous or noxious fumes generated are
adequately vented.
·
When mixing concentrated acids with water,
add the acid slowly to the water. Allow the acid to run down the side of a
container and mix slowly to avoid violent reactions and splattering. Never add
water to acid.
·
Appropriate spill material should be
available in areas where corrosive chemicals are used and stored.
·
Protective carriers should be used when
transporting corrosive chemicals.
Storage
·
Containers and equipment used for storage
and processing of corrosive material should be corrosion resistant.
·
Corrosive chemicals should be stored below
eye level, preferably near the floor to minimize the danger of their falling
from cabinets or shelves.
·
Acids and caustics (i.e., bases) should be
stored separately from each other. Secondary containers can be used to help
with separation within a corrosive cabinet.
·
Inorganic acids should be separated from
organic acids and flammable/combustible material (inorganic acids are
particularly reactive with flammable/combustible material).
·
Acids should be segregated from active
metals (e.g., sodium, potassium, and magnesium) and from chemicals which can
generate toxic gases (e.g., sodium cyanide and iron sulfide).
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SOP 3.5
Flammable and Combustible Liquids
Procedures for Safe Handling and Storage
Chemicals which exist, at
ambient temperatures, in a liquid form with sufficient vapor pressure to ignite
in the presence of an ignition source are called flammable or combustible
liquids (note that the flammable/combustible liquid itself does not burn; it is
the vapor from the liquid that burns). “Flammables” generate sufficient vapor
at temperatures below 100oF (37.8oC), whereas
“Combustibles” generate sufficient vapor at temperatures at or above 100oF.
Invisible vapor trails from these liquids can reach remote ignition sources
causing flashback fires. In addition, these liquids become increasingly
hazardous at elevated temperatures due to more rapid vaporization. For these
reasons, precautionary measures must be observed when handling and storing
flammables and combustibles.
Classification
Classification Flash Point1 Boiling
Point
Flammable Liquid
Class
IB <73oF >/=
100oF
Class
IC >/=
73oF and <100oF -----
Combustible Liquid
Class
II >/=
100oF and < 140oF (60oC) -----
Class
IIIA >/=
140oF and < 200oF (93oC) -----
1The
minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off vapor in sufficient
concentration to form an ignitable mixture in air near the surface of a liquid.
Handling
·
Appropriate personal protective equipment
(gloves, lab coat, and safety goggles) should be worn when working with
flammable/combustible liquids.
·
Flammable/combustible liquids should never
be heated using open flames. Preferred heat sources include steam baths, water
baths, oil baths, hot air baths, and heating mantels.
·
Ignition sources should be eliminated in
areas where flammable vapors may be present.
·
Flammable/combustible liquids should only
be dispensed under a fume hood. Ventilation is one of the most effective ways
to prevent the formation and concentration of flammable vapors.
·
When pouring from containers of 1 gallon
(3.8 liters) or greater capacity, make sure both containers involved are
electrically interconnected by bonding to each other and to a ground. The
friction of flowing liquid may be sufficient to generate static electricity,
which in turn may discharge, causing a spark and ignition.
·
Flammable/combustible liquids in containers
larger than 1 gallon (3.8 liters) should be transferred to smaller containers
that can be easily manipulated by one person.
·
Appropriate fire extinguishers should be
available in areas where flammables are used.
Storage
·
Flammable/combustible liquid in quantities
exceeding a total of 10 gallons (38 liters) within a laboratory should be
stored in approved flammable storage cabinets or safety cans.
·
Flammable/combustible liquid stored outside
of flammable storage cabinets in the laboratory should be kept to the minimum
necessary for the work being done.
·
Containers larger than 5 gallons (19
liters) shall not be stored in the laboratory.
·
Flammable/combustible liquid stored in
glass containers shall not exceed 1 gallon (3.8 liters).
·
Flammable storage cabinets and safety cans
should not be altered or modified unless specified by
·
Flammable/combustible liquids should only
be stored in explosion-proof or laboratory-safe refrigeration equipment.
·
Flammable/combustible liquid containers
filled or empty should not be stored in hallways or obstructing exits.
·
Waste flammable/combustible liquids should
be stored in safety cans.
·
Flammables and combustibles should not be
stored near oxidizers, corrosives, combustible material, or near heat sources.
Make sure all chemicals stored near flammable and combustibles are compatible.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SOP 3.6
Oxidizing Agents
Procedures for Safe Handling and Storage
Oxidizing agents are chemicals
that bring about an oxidation reaction. The oxidizing agent may
1) provide oxygen to the
substance being oxidized (in which case the agent has to be oxygen or contain
oxygen) or 2) receive electrons being transferred from the substance undergoing
oxidation (chlorine is a good oxidizing agent for electron-transfer purposes,
even though it does not contain oxygen). The intensity of the oxidation
reaction depends on the oxidizing-reducing potential of the material involved.
Fire or explosion is possible when strong oxidizing agents come into contact
with easily oxidizable compounds, such as metals, metal hydrides or organics.
Because oxidizing agents possess varying degrees of instability, they can be
explosively unpredictable.
Examples of Oxidizing Agents
Gases: fluorine,
chlorine, ozone, nitrous oxide, oxygen
Liquids: hydrogen
peroxide, nitric acid, perchloric acid, bromine, sulfuric acid
Solids: nitrites,
nitrates, perchlorates, peroxides, chromates, dichromates, picrates,
permanganates,
hypochlorites, bromates, iodates, chlorites, chlorates, persulfates
Handling
·
Appropriate personal protective equipment
(safety goggles, gloves, lab coat, etc.) should be worn when working with
oxidizers.
·
If a reaction is potentially explosive, or
if the reaction is unknown, use a fume hood (with the sash down as a protective
barrier), safety shield, or other methods for isolating the material or the
process.
·
Oxidizers can react violently when in
contact with incompatible materials. For this reason, know the reactivity of
the material involved in an experimental process. Assure that no extraneous
material is in the area where it can become involved in a reaction.
·
The quantity of oxidizer used should be the
minimum necessary for the procedure. Do not leave excessive amounts of an
oxidizer in the vicinity of the process.
·
Perchloric acid must not be used in a
regular chemical fume hood. A specially designed Perchloric Acid Fume Hood must
be utilized for this purpose
Storage
·
Oxidizers should be stored in a cool, dry
place.
·
Oxidizers should be segregated from organic
material, flammables, combustibles and strong reducing agents such as zinc,
alkaline metals, and formic acid.
·
Oxidizing acids such as perchloric acid and
nitric acid should be stored separately in compatible secondary containers away
from other acids.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SOP 3.7
Reactive Chemicals
Procedures for Safe Handling and Storage
Reactives are substances that
have the potential to vigorously polymerize, decompose, condense, or become
self-reactive due to shock, pressure, temperature, light, or contact with
another material. All reactive hazards involve the release of energy in a
quantity or at a rate too great to be dissipated by the immediate environment
of the reaction system, so that destructive effects occur. Reactive chemicals
include: 1) explosives, 2) organic peroxides, 3) water-reactives and 4)
pyrophorics. Effective control is essential to minimize the occurrence of
reactive chemical hazards.
1) Explosives - cause sudden, almost
instantaneous release of pressure, gas, and heat when subjected to sudden
adverse conditions. Heat, light, mechanical shock, detonation, and certain
catalysts can initiate explosive reactions. Compounds containing the functional
groups azide, acetylide, diazo, nitroso, haloamine, peroxide, and ozonide are
sensitive to shock and heat and can explode violently.
·
Appropriate personal protective equipment
(face shield, safety goggles, leather outer gloves, chemical resistant gloves,
lab coat, etc.) should be worn when working with explosives.
·
Before working with explosives, understand
their chemical properties, know the products of side reactions, the
incompatibility of certain chemicals, and monitor environmental catalysts such
as temperature changes.
·
Containers should be dated upon receipt and
when opened. Expired explosives should be discarded promptly.
·
Explosives should be kept to the minimum
necessary for the procedure.
·
If there is a chance of explosion, use
protective barriers (e.g., fume hood sash and safety shield) or other methods
for isolating the material or process.
·
Explosives should be stored in a cool, dry,
and protected area. Segregate from other
material that could create a serious risk to life or property should an
accident occur.
2) Organic Peroxides - contain an -O-O- structure
bonded to organic groups. These
compounds can be considered as structural derivatives of hydrogen peroxide,
H-O-O-H, in which one or both of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by an
organic group. Generally, organic peroxides are low-powered explosives that are
sensitive to shock, sparks, and heat due to the weak -O-O- bond which can be
cleaved easily. Some organic compounds such as ethers, tetrahydrofuran, and
p-dioxane can react with oxygen from the air forming unstable peroxides.
Peroxide formation can occur under normal storage conditions, when compounds
become concentrated by evaporation, or when mixed with other compounds. These
accumulated peroxides can violently explode when exposed to shock, friction, or
heat.
·
Appropriate personal protective equipment
(safety goggles, gloves, lab coat, etc.) should be worn when working with
organic peroxides or peroxide-forming compounds.
·
Containers should be labeled with the
receiving and opening dates. Unopened
material should be discarded within 1 year and opened material should be
discarded within 6 months.
·
Containers should be airtight and stored in
a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Segregate from incompatible
chemicals.
·
Peroxide formers, liquid peroxides, or
solutions should not be refrigerated below the temperature at which the
peroxide freezes or precipitates. Peroxides in these forms are extra sensitive
to shock (never store diethyl ether in a refrigerator or freezer).
·
Unused peroxides should never be returned
to the stock container.
·
Metal spatulas should not be used with
peroxide formers. Only ceramic or plastic spatulas should be used.
Contamination by metal can cause explosive decomposition.
·
Friction, grinding, and all forms of
impact, especially with solid organic peroxides should be avoided. Never use
glass containers with screw cap lids or glass stoppers. Instead, use plastic
bottles and sealers.
·
Testing for the presence of peroxides
should be performed periodically.
·
Containers with obvious crystal formation
around the lid or viscous liquid at the bottom of the container should NOT be
opened or moved.
3) Water-Reactives - react with water or
moisture in the air releasing heat or flammable, toxic gas. Examples include
alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, carbides, hydrides, inorganic chlorides,
nitrides, peroxides, and phosphides.
·
Appropriate personal protective equipment
(safety goggles, gloves, lab coat, etc.) should be worn when working with
water-reactives.
·
Water-reactives should be stored under
mineral oil in a cool, dry place. Isolate from other chemicals.
·
Water-reactives should not be stored near
water, alcohols, and other compounds containing acidic OH.
·
In case of fire, keep water away.
Appropriate fire extinguishers should be available in areas where
water-reactives are used (use a Type “D” fire extinguisher to extinguish active
metal fires).
4)
Pyrophorics – ignite spontaneously in air
below 130oF (54oC). Often the flame is invisible.
Examples of pyrophoric materials include silane, silicon tetrachloride, white
and yellow phosphorus, sodium, tetraethyl lead, potassium, nickel carbonyl, and
cesium.
·
Appropriate personal protective equipment
(safety goggles, gloves, lab coat, etc.) should be worn when working with
pyrophorics.
·
Pyrophorics should be used and stored in
inert environments.
·
Appropriate fire extinguishers should be
available in areas where pyrophorics are used.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SOP 3.8
Carcinogens, Reproductive Toxins, and
Acutely Toxic Chemicals
Procedures for Safe Handling and Storage
The Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA) Laboratory Standard requires that special handling
procedures be employed for certain chemicals identified as “particularly hazardous
substances.” Particularly hazardous substances include chemicals that are
“select” carcinogens, reproductive toxins, and chemicals that have a high
degree of acute toxicity. In addition, many chemicals used (including novel
chemicals that are synthesized) in research laboratories have not been tested
explicitly for carcinogenic or toxic properties and should therefore be handled
as particularly hazardous substances” since their hazards are unknown.
Carcinogen - substance that
either causes cancer in humans, or because it causes cancer in animals, is
considered capable of causing cancer in humans. OSHA defines those substances
that are known to pose the greatest carcinogenic hazards as “select”
carcinogens. These materials include
substances that:
1. OSHA regulates as a
carcinogen; or
2. The National Toxicology
Program (NTP) lists as “known to be a
carcinogen” or
“reasonably anticipated to be a carcinogen” in their
Annual Report on Carcinogens; or
3. The International Agency for
Research on Cancer (IARC) lists under
Group 1
(“carcinogenic to humans”), Group 2A (“probably carcinogenic
to humans”), or
Group 2B (“possibly carcinogenic to humans”).
Reproductive/Developmental Toxin - substance
that cause chromosomal damage or genetic alterations (mutagens) or substances
with lethal or teratogenic (malformations or physical defects) in a developing
fetus or embryo.
Acutely Toxic Chemicals - Acute toxicity is
the ability of a chemical to cause a harmful effect after a single exposure.
Acutely toxic chemicals can cause local toxic effects, systemic effects, or
both. In general, acutely toxic chemicals have an Oral LD50 of < 50 mg
(rats, per kg), Skin Contact
LD50 of < 200 mg (rabbits, per kg),
Inhalation LC50 of <200 (rats, ppm for1 hr) OR <2000 (rats, mg/m3 for 1
hr).
Handling
·
Designated areas (e.g., fume hoods, glove
boxes, lab benches, outside rooms, etc.) for material use should be established
and the areas identified by signs or postings.
·
Containment devices such as fume hoods (if
necessary) and personal protective equipment (gloves, lab coat, and eye
protection) should be used when handling these hazardous substances.
·
Procedures for the safe use of the material
and waste removal should be established prior to use.
·
Decontamination procedures should be
developed in advance and strictly followed.
·
Only laboratory personnel trained to work
with these substances should perform the work, and always within the designated
area. Prior approval is required by the principal investigator or supervisor
(see Section 2.1.1 Prior Approval of Hazardous Operations).
·
Only the minimum quantity of the material
should be used.
Storage
·
These materials should be stored in areas
designated for “particularly hazardous substances.”
·
Storage areas should be clearly marked with
the appropriate hazard warning signs.
·
All containers of these materials (even if
the material is in very small quantities such as 0.1%) should be clearly
labeled with the chemical name or mixture components and the appropriate hazard
warning information.
·
Chemical storage areas should be secure to
avoid spills or broken containers.
·
Storage areas or laboratory rooms should be
locked when laboratory personnel are gone.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SOP 3.9
Compressed Gases
Procedures for Safe Handling and Storage
In general, a compressed gas is any material contained under
pressure which is dissolved or liquefied by compression or refrigeration.
Compressed gas cylinders should be handled as high-energy sources and therefore
as potential explosives and projectiles. Prudent safety practices should be
followed when handling compressed gases since they expose workers to both
chemical and physical hazards.
Handling
·
Safety glasses with side shields (or safety
goggles) and other appropriate personal protective equipment should be worn
when working with compressed gases.
·
Cylinders should be marked with a label
that clearly identifies the contents.
·
All cylinders should be checked for damage
prior to use. Do not repair damaged cylinders or valves. Damaged or defective
cylinders, valves, etc., should be taken out of use immediately and returned to
the manufacturer/distributer for repair.
·
All gas cylinders (full or empty) should be
rigidly secured to a substantial structure at 2/3 height. Only two cylinders
per restraint are allowed in the laboratory and only soldered link chains or
belts with buckles are acceptable. Cylinder stands are also acceptable but not
preferred.
·
Hand carts shall be used when moving gas
cylinders. Cylinders must be chained to the carts.
·
All cylinders must be fitted with safety
valve covers before they are moved.
·
Only three-wheeled or four-wheeled carts
should be used to move cylinders.
·
A pressure-regulating device shall be used
at all times to control the flow of gas from the cylinder.
·
The main cylinder valve shall be the only
means by which gas flow is to be shut off. The correct position for the main
valve is all the way on or all the way off.
·
Cylinder valves should never be lubricated,
modified, forced, or tampered.
·
After connecting a cylinder, check for
leaks at connections. Periodically check for leaks while the cylinder is in
use.
·
Regulators and valves should be tightened
firmly with the proper size wrench. Do not use adjustable wrenches or pliers
because they may damage the nuts.
·
Cylinders should not be placed near heat or
where they can become part of an electrical circuit.
·
Cylinders should not be exposed to
temperatures above 50 oC (122 oF). Some rupture devices on cylinders will
release at about 65 o C (149oF). Some small cylinders, such as lecture bottles,
are not fitted with rupture devices and may explode if exposed to high
temperatures.
·
Rapid release of a compressed gas should be
avoided because it will cause an unsecured gas hose to whip dangerously and
also may build up enough static charge to ignite a flammable gas.
·
Appropriate regulators should be used on
each gas cylinder. Threads and the configuration of valve outlets are different
for each family of gases to avoid improper use. Adaptors and homemade
modifications are prohibited.
·
Cylinders should never be bled completely
empty. Leave a slight pressure to keep contaminants out.
Storage
·
When not in use cylinders should be stored
with their main valve closed and the valve safety cap in place.
·
Cylinders must be stored upright and not on
their side. All cylinders should be secured.
·
Cylinders awaiting use should be stored
according to their hazard classes.
·
Cylinders should not be located where
objects may strike or fall on them.
·
Cylinders should not be stored in damp
areas or near salt, corrosive chemicals, chemical vapors, heat, or direct
sunlight. Cylinders stored outside should be protected from the weather.
Special Precautions
Flammable
Gases
·
No more than two cylinders should be
manifolded together; however, several instruments or outlets are permitted for
a single cylinder.
·
Valves on flammable gas cylinders should be
shut off when the laboratory is unattended and no experimental process is in
progress.
·
Flames involving a highly flammable gas
should not be extinguished until the source of the gas has been safely shut
off; otherwise it can reignite causing an explosion.
Acetylene Gas Cylinders
·
Acetylene cylinders must always be stored
upright. They contain acetone, which can discharge instead of or along with
acetylene. Do not use an acetylene cylinder that has been stored or handled in
a nonupright position until it has remained in an upright position for at least
30 minutes.
·
The outlet line of an acetylene cylinder
must be protected by a flame arrestor.
·
Compatible tubing should be used to
transport gaseous acetylene. Some tubing like copper forms explosive
acetylides.
Lecture Bottles
·
All lecture bottles should be marked with a
label that clearly identifies the
contents.
·
Lecture bottles should be stored according
to their hazard classes.
·
Lecture bottles which contain toxic gases
should be stored in a ventilated cabinet.
·
Lecture bottles should be stored in a secure
place to eliminate them from rolling or falling.
·
Lecture bottles should not be stored near
corrosives, heat, direct sunlight, or in damp areas.
·
To avoid costly disposal fees, lecture
bottles should only be purchased from suppliers that will accept returned
bottles (full or empty). Contact the supplier before purchasing lecture bottles
to ensure that they have a return policy.
·
Lecture bottles should be dated upon
initial use. It is advised that bottles be sent back to the supplier after one
year to avoid accumulation of old bottles.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SOP 3.10
Cryogenic Liquids
Procedures for Safe Handling and Storage
Cryogenic liquids are liquefied gases having
boiling points of less than -73.3 oC
(-100 oF). The primary hazards of cryogenic liquids include both physical
hazards such as fire, explosion, and pressure buildup and health hazards such
as severe frostbite and asphyxiation. Potential fire or explosion hazards exist
because cryogenic liquids are capable, under the right conditions, of
condensing oxygen from the atmosphere. This oxygen-rich environment in
combination with flammable/combustible materials, and an ignition source are
particularly hazardous. Pressure is also a hazard because of the large volume
expansion ratio from liquid to gas that a cryogen exhibits as it warms and the
liquid evaporates. This expansion ratio also makes cryogenic liquids more prone
to splash and therefore skin and eye contact is more likely to occur. Contact
with living tissue can cause frostbite or thermal burns, and prolonged contact
can cause blood clots at have very serious consequences. All laboratory
personnel should follow prudent safety practices when handling and storing
cryogenic liquids.
Properties of Common Cryogenic Liquids
|
Gas |
Boiling Point (oC) |
Volume Expansion
Ratio |
|
Helium |
-269 |
757-1 |
|
Hydrogen |
-252.7 |
851-1 |
|
Nitrogen |
-195.8 |
696-1 |
|
Fluorine |
-187.0 |
888-1 |
|
Argon |
-185.7 |
847-1 |
|
Oxygen |
-183.0 |
860-1 |
|
Methane |
-161.4 |
578-1 |
Handling
·
Appropriate personal protective equipment
should be worn when handling cryogenic liquids. This includes special cryogen
gloves, safety goggles, full face shield, impervious apron or coat, long pants,
and high topped shoes. Gloves should be impervious and sufficiently large to be
readily removed should a cryogen be spilled. Watches, rings, and other jewelry
should NOT be worn.
·
Unprotected body parts should not come in
contact with vessels or pipes that contain cryogenic liquids because extremely
cold material may bond firmly to the skin and tear flesh if separation is
attempted.
·
Objects that are in contact with cryogenic
liquid should be handled with tongs or proper gloves.
·
All precautions should be taken to keep
liquid oxygen from organic materials; spills on oxidizable surfaces can be
hazardous.
·
All equipment should be kept clean,
especially when working with liquid or gaseous oxygen.
·
Work areas should be well ventilated.
·
Transfers or pouring of cryogenic liquid
should be done very slowly to minimize boiling and splashing.
·
Cryogenic liquids and dry ice used as
refrigerant baths should be open to the atmosphere. They should never be in a
closed system where they may develop uncontrolled or dangerously high pressure.
·
Liquid hydrogen should not be transferred
in an air atmosphere because oxygen from the air can condense in the liquid
hydrogen presenting a possible explosion risk.
Storage
·
Cryogenic liquids should be handled and
stored in containers that are designed for the pressure and temperature to
which they may be subjected. The most common container for cryogenic liquids is
a double-walled, evacuated container known as a dewar flask.
·
Containers and systems containing cryogenic
liquids should have pressure relief mechanisms.
·
Cylinders and other pressure vessels such
as dewar flasks used for the storage of cryogenic liquids should not be filled
more than 80% of capacity, to protect against possible thermal expansion of the
contents and bursting of the vessel by hydrostatic pressure. If the possibility
exists that the temperature of the cylinder may increase to above 30 oC (86
oF), a lower percentage (i.e., 60 percent capacity) should be the limit.
·
Dewar flasks should be shielded with tape
or wire mesh to minimize flying glass and fragments should an implosion occur.
·
Dewar flasks should be labeled with the
full cryogenic liquid name and hazard warning information.
·
Transportation of cryogenic liquids via
elevators should be accomplished by human intervention at each floor level and
while elevator is unmanned.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SOP 3.11
Electrical Safety Procedures
Serious injury or death by electrocution is
possible when appropriate attention is not given to the engineering and
maintenance of electrical equipment and personal work practices around such
equipment. In addition, equipment malfunctions can lead to electrical fires. By
taking reasonable precautions, electrical hazards in the laboratory can be
dramatically minimized.
·
Laboratory personnel should know the
location of electrical shut-off switches and/or circuit breakers in or near the
laboratory so that power can be quickly terminated in the event of a fire or
accident.
·
Electrical panels and switches should never
be obstructed and should be clearly labeled to indicate what equipment or power
source they control.
·
All electrical equipment should be
periodically inspected to ensure that cords and plugs are in good condition.
Frayed wires and wires with eroded or cracked insulation should be repaired
immediately, especially on electrical equipment located in wet areas such as
cold rooms or near cooling baths. Insulation on wires can easily be eroded by
corrosive chemicals and organic solvents.
·
All electrical outlets should have a
grounding connection requiring a three-pronged plug.
·
All electrical equipment should have
three-pronged, grounded connectors. The only exception to this rule are instruments
entirely encased in plastic (such as electric pipetters and some types of
microscopes) and Glas-Col heating mantels. If equipment does not have a
three-pronged plug, replace the plug and cord to ground the equipment.
·
Face plates must not be removed from
electrical outlets.
·
Electrical wires should not be used as
supports.
·
Extension cords should be avoided. If used,
they should have three-pronged, grounded connectors and positioned or secured
as not to create a tripping hazard.
·
All shocks should be reported to the
principal investigator or supervisor. All faulty electrical equipment should be
immediately removed from service until repaired.
·
Proper grounding and bonding of flammable
liquid containers should be practiced to avoid the build-up of excess static
electricity. Sparks generated from static electricity are good ignition
sources.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SOP 3.12
Glassware and Sharps
Procedures for the Safe Handling and
Disposal
Handling
·
Glassware should be handled and stored
carefully to avoid damage.
·
Chipped, broken, or star-cracked glassware
should be discarded or repaired. Damaged glassware should never be used.
·
Only thick-walled, pressure resistant
glassware should be utilized under a vacuum.
·
Appropriate hand protection should be used
when picking up broken glass or other sharp objects. Small pieces should be
swept up using a brush and dust pan.
·
Appropriate hand protection should be used
when inserting glass tubing into a rubber stopper or when placing rubber tubing
on glass hose connections. Use of plastic or metal connectors should be
considered.
Disposal
·
All broken glassware that cannot be
repaired should be rinsed thoroughly and collected in a suitable-sized, hard
plastic receptacle labeled “Broken Glassware”.
·
All other sharps (needles, razor blades,
scalpels, etc.), regardless of contamination, should be placed in cardboard
boxes or plastic puncture-proof containers and marked as “Sharps”.
·
Sharps and glassware that are contaminated
with hazardous chemicals should be collected in puncture-proof containers and
marked as “Sharps” and “CCI” (Chemically Contaminated Items).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SOP 3.13
Chemical Spill Response Procedures
Despite
the best effort of researchers to practice safe science in the laboratory,
accidents resulting in the release of chemicals will occur. For this reason, it
is essential that laboratory personnel have a spill response plan which
includes appropriate procedures and materials to adequately contain and cleanup
a spill. The following procedures should be used as a guide to help laboratory
personnel design an effective spill control plan for their laboratory (see
Section 6.10 Spill Control Kit for information on spill kit contents).
Spill Response - Major Spill
In the
event of a spill which: 1) involves the release of a type or quantity of
chemical which poses an immediate risk to health; 2) involves an uncontrolled
fire or explosion; or 3) involves serious personal injury; follow the steps
outlined in the Emergency Information section at the beginning of this Plan.
Spill Response - Minor Spill
In the event of a spill involving the
release of a type or quantity of chemical which does not pose an immediate risk
to health:
1.
Notify other laboratory personnel of the
accident.
2.
Isolate the area. Close laboratory doors
and evacuate the immediate area if necessary.
3.
Remove all ignition sources and establish
exhaust ventilation. Vent vapors to outside of building only (open windows and
turn on fume hood).
4.
Choose appropriate personal protective
equipment (goggles, face shield, impervious gloves, lab coat, apron or
coveralls, boots, respirator, etc.) (All laboratory personnel must be properly
fit tested before using a respirator).
5.
Confine and contain the spill. Cover with
appropriate absorbent material. Sweep solid material into a dust pan and place
in a sealed plastic container. Decontaminate the area with soap and water after
cleanup and place residue in a plastic bag or another sealed plastic container.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.0 INFORMATION AND TRAINING
The OSHA Lab Standard requires that
individuals who will be working with chemicals in the laboratory be provided
with sufficient training to enable them to conduct their work safely. Training
must be provided prior to the time when individuals begin their duties
involving chemicals and whenever there is a significant change in the types or
quantities of chemicals used. Departments and, ultimately, principal
investigators (or laboratory supervisors) are responsible for ensuring that all
individuals working in their laboratories have been adequately trained.
4.1 Required Training Content
The general training topics required by
the Lab Standard are the:
·
Content of the Lab Standard.
·
Location and availability of the Laboratory
Chemical Safety Plan
(i.e., Chemical
Hygiene Plan).
·
Permissible exposure limits (PELs) for OSHA
regulated substances (see Appendix A) or recommended limits for other materials
that have no OSHA limits.
·
Signs and symptoms associated with chemical
exposure.
·
Location and availability of known
reference material on the hazards, safe handling, storage, and disposal of
chemicals. This includes, but is not limited to, Material Safety Data Sheets
(MSDSs).
·
Methods to detect the presence or release
of chemicals.
·
Physical and health hazards of chemicals.
·
Measures that laboratory workers can take
to protect themselves from chemical hazards, including control measures,
personal protective equipment, SOPs, and emergency procedures.
4.2 Training Resources
The
Institute Health and Safety Officer provides safety training to the Institute
community. Among the training routinely offered is a Laboratory Safety
Orientation which is designed to cover, in a general way, many of the topics
required by the OSHA Lab Standard. This Orientation, however, is not intended
to be the sole means of training laboratory workers but must be supplemented by
additional safety instruction from the principal investigator (or laboratory supervisor)
on the potential hazards associated with an individual's specific duties. This
individualized training should include a review of the laboratory's safety
features and equipment.
4.3 Training Documentation
Departments
and principal investigators are responsible for documenting the safety training
provided to individuals working within their laboratories. For each individual,
a record should be maintained not only for informal safety instruction or
training provided in the laboratory.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.0 MEDICAL CONSULTATIONS AND EXAMINATIONS
In
accordance with the requirements of the OSHA Lab Standard, Rose-Hulman
Institute of Technology provides all faculty and staff who work with chemicals
the opportunity to receive medical consultations and examinations under the
supervision of a licensed physician.
5.1 Examination Criteria
Medical examinations are available to faculty,
staff, and students who work with chemicals in the laboratory whenever:
·
An employee develops signs or symptoms
associated with a chemical to which exposure may have occurred in the
laboratory.
·
Exposure monitoring reveals an exposure
level routinely above the action level (or in the absence of an action level,
the PEL) for an OSHA regulated substance for which there are exposure
monitoring and medical surveillance requirements.
·
A spill, leak, explosion, or other event
occurs in the laboratory resulting in the likelihood of chemical exposure.
5.2 Information to the Physician
The
faculty, staff or student’s department or principal investigator must provide
the physician with the following information regarding the employee's potential
exposure:
·
The identity of the chemicals to which the
employee may have been exposed.
·
A description of the conditions under which
the exposure occurred.
·
A description of the employee's symptoms.
5.3 Physician's Written Opinion
Upon
completion of the employee's consultation or examination, the department or
principal investigator must obtain a written opinion from the examining
physician which includes the following information:
·
Any recommendations for further medical
follow-up.
·
Results of the medical examination and
associated tests.
·
Any medical condition found as a result of
the examination which may place the employee at increased risk from further
chemical exposure in the laboratory.
·
A statement that the employee has been
informed by the physician of the results of the consultation or examination.
The
physician's written opinion shall not reveal specific findings of diagnoses
unrelated to occupational exposure.
5.4 Campus Medical Services
The
Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Health Center, located in the lower level
of the Student Union, offers expertise in such laboratory safety issues as
post-accident evaluation and follow-up, baseline medical evaluation, and care
for acute illness with limited laboratory evaluation. The Health Center
combines on-campus proximity and professionalism with a unique understanding of
the requirements of the academic research community. Services at the Health
Center are available for students only.
Hours are Monday and Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m., Tuesday,
Wednesday, and Thursday, 10:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. (no hours are available during
academic breaks). Outside of the Health Center hours, emergency medical care is
available through the HealthCheck 4001 Wabash Ave, (812) 238-7711. In the event of life-threatening injury or
illness, dial 9-911 and request an ambulance for assistance.
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6.0 LABORATORY SAFETY EQUIPMENT
The
availability and use of a number of types of safety equipment is essential to
the practice of safe science. Safety equipment should be present in
well-marked, highly visible, and easily accessible locations in or near all
laboratories that use hazardous chemicals. For more information regarding
safety equipment or specific regulatory requirements, please call the Institute
Health and Safety Officer, 8124.
6.1 Chemical Fume Hoods
Chemical
fume hoods are one of the most important items of equipment used for the
protection of workers in the laboratory. A standard fume hood is a chemical and
fire resistant enclosure with a movable window (sash) at the front to allow the
user access to the interior. Chemical fume hoods capture, contain, and expel
chemical emissions. In addition, chemical fume hoods (with the sash down)
provide a protective barrier between laboratory personnel and chemicals or
chemical processes. A properly functioning hood draws between 60-100 linear
feet per minute of air at full-open sash. The storage of large numbers of chemical
bottles or other items within the hood can dramatically impair this
functioning. To ensure that fume hoods are operating properly, periodic
inspections are conducted by the Department of Environmental Health and Safety.
Any hoods that are not functioning properly are serviced immediately by
Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology (See SOP 3.3 Chemical Fume Hoods -
Procedures for Proper and Safe Use.)
6.2 Safety Showers
Safety
showers are required in areas where hazardous chemicals are used. Safety
showers provide an effective means of initial treatment in the event of
chemical contamination of the skin or clothing. The shower area should be
readily accessible, clear of obstructions, and clearly labeled. Rose-Hulman
Institute of Technology inspects safety showers monthly annually
to ensure that they are working properly. In the event of chemical
contamination of an individual's body, immediately flush the body for 15
minutes under the shower, remove all clothing, and seek medical attention.
6.3 Eyewash Stations
Eyewash
stations are required in areas where hazardous chemicals are used. Eyewashes
should be easily accessible, unobstructed, and clearly labeled. The use of the
hands should not be required to activate and maintain the water flow. Plumbed
eyewash units are best and strongly recommended. Eyewashes should be inspected monthly
routinely by laboratory personnel to
ensure that they are working properly. In the event of chemical contamination
of the eyes or face, immediately flush the eyes/face for 15 minutes and seek
medical attention.
6.4 Fire Extinguishers
Fires
are one of the most common types of laboratory accidents. Laboratory personnel
should know the locations of all fire extinguishers in the laboratory, the type
of fires for which they are appropriate, and how to operate them correctly.
Fire
extinguishers in the laboratory should be the appropriate type for the expected
fire emergency. Extinguishers are classified according to a particular fire
type. Type A are used on combustible (wood, paper rubber, plastic) fires, Type
B are used on flammable liquid fires, Type C are used on energized electrical
equipment fires, and Type D are used on combustible metal (lithium, sodium,
magnesium, potassium) fires. Multipurpose (Type ABC and Type BC) extinguishers
are also available. Fire extinguishers should be easily accessible, mounted
properly on a wall, and unobstructed. The Department of Risk
Management Health & Safety coordinator arranges to have
all inspects fire extinguishers
inspected annually. Used fire extinguishers should be reported to
the Public Safety office and should be immediately serviced.
6.5 Fire Blankets
Fire
blankets are recommended in all laboratories that use flammable liquids. Fire
blankets should be easily accessible and unobstructed. In the event that a
person's body or clothing catches fire, the person should immediately drop to
the floor and roll to help extinguish the fire (STOP-DROP-and-ROLL method). A
fire blanket should be used only as a last resort to help smother a body or
clothing fire. Fire blankets can also be used to keep shock victims warm.
6.6 Flammable Liquid Storage Cabinets
Flammable
liquids in quantities exceeding a total of 10 gallons in a laboratory must be
stored in flammable liquid storage cabinets or safety cans. Flammable storage
cabinets shall be designed to meet NFPA (National Fire Protection Agency) and
Indiana's Fire Prevention Code guidelines.
Cabinets are generally made from No. 18 gage sheet steel with
double-walled construction or one inch exterior grade plywood. Approved
cabinets should be marked in conspicuous lettering “FLAMMABLE-KEEP FIRE AWAY.”
Fire cabinets are not required to be vented (cabinets are generally vented only
if the flammable liquids generate noxious fumes), but if venting is desired it
shall meet NFPA and Indiana's Fire Prevention Code requirements. Only flammable
and combustible material should be stored in flammable storage cabinets.
6.7 Safety Cans
A
safety can is a container of not more than five gallon capacity, having a
spring closed lid, spout cover, and flame arrestor and so designed that it will
safely relieve internal pressure. Safety cans should be UL and FM (Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc.and
Factory Mutual ) listed and should be compatible with the chemical
which they are to contain.
6.8 Explosion-Proof and Laboratory-Safe
Refrigeration Equipment
The
use of domestic refrigeration equipment for the storage of flammable liquids
presents a significant hazard to the laboratory work area. Refrigerator
temperatures are commonly higher than the flash points of the flammable liquids
stored in them. In addition, domestic refrigerators contain readily available
and exposed ignition sources such as thermostats, lights, and heater strips.
Flammable liquids should only be stored in two types of laboratory
refrigerators: explosion-proof and laboratory-safe models. Explosion-proof
refrigeration equipment is designed to protect against ignition of flammable
vapors both inside and outside the refrigerated storage compartment.
Laboratory-safe refrigeration equipment (also called explosion-safe) is
designed to eliminate ignition of vapors on only the inside of the storage
compartment, although other safety design features like self-closing doors,
magnetic door gaskets, and compressors and circuits located at the top of the
refrigeration unit have been incorporated. All flammable liquids that need to
be stored in a cool environment should be stored in these types of approved
refrigerators Containers should be tightly closed to minimize the amount of
vapor released. Every laboratory refrigerator should be clearly marked to
indicate whether or not it is safe for the storage of flammable liquids.
Although not considered optimum protection, it is possible to modify some domestic
refrigerators to hold flammable liquids.
6.9 First Aid Kits
First
aid kits should be easily accessible to all laboratory personnel. First aid kits should be regularly inspected
and restocked as necessary. As a general guideline, first aid kits should
contain adhesive tape, bandages (small
and large), pressure bandage compresses, premoistened cleansing wipes,
antiseptic cream/spray, gauze pads, gauze wraps, latex gloves, and a CPR
microshield. First aid kits can be purchased through any laboratory safety
supply vendor.
6.10 Chemical Spill Kits
Every
laboratory that uses hazardous chemicals should have access to a spill control
kit. The keys to an effective spill kit are location and content. Spill kits
should be strategically located around work areas in fixed spots so they will
be easily accessible. In general, a spill kit should contain absorbent
material, appropriate personal protective equipment, a container for spill
residue, and a plastic dust pan and scoop.
Laboratories that use mercury or mercury filled thermometers and
manometers should also have a mercury spill kit available. Once a spill kit has
been used it should be immediately restocked.
Spill
kits can be purchased through most vendors that sell chemicals or safety
supplies. The following is a list of recommended items that should be contained
in a chemical spill kit. However, it is important that spill kits be tailored
to meet the specific spill control needs of each laboratory.
Absorbents:
·
Universal Spill Absorbent Material - 1:1:1
mixture of Flor-Dri ( or unscented kitty litter):Sodium Bicarbonate:Sand. This
all purpose absorbent material is good for most chemical spills including
solvents, acids, and bases.
·
Acid Spill - Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium
Carbonate, or Calcium Carbonate .
·
Alkali (Base) Spill - Sodium Bisulfate.
·
Solvents/Other Organic Liquids - Inert
absorbents such as vermiculite, clay, sand, Flor-Dri, and Oil-Dri
Personal Protective
Equipment:
·
Goggles and Face Shield.
·
Plastic Vinyl Booties.
·
Disposable Coveralls and Apron.
·
Disposable Vinyl Gloves and Heavy Neoprene
Gloves.
·
Dust Mask/Respirator (All laboratory
personnel must be properly fit tested before using a respirator. Respirators
are personal safety equipment and should not be shared between laboratory
personnel.
Clean-Up Material:
·
Plastic Dust Pan and Scoop
·
Plastic Bags (30 gallon, 3 mil thick)
·
One empty 5 gallon, plastic bucket with lid
for spill and absorbent residues
Other:
·
Hydrofluoric Acid Antidote Gel - Calcium
Gluconate
·
Mercury Spill Kit
6.11 Portable Safety Shields
Portable
safety shields can provide limited protection against explosions, fires, and
chemical splash hazards. When a hood sash cannot provide proper shielding,
portable safety shields should be used. It should be noted that portable safety
shields do not provide protection on the sides and back of equipment and
therefore work best if used in conjunction with a fume hood. Laboratory
equipment/chemical apparatus should be shielded on all sides so that there is
no line-of-sight exposure to laboratory personnel.